Which term refers to the ethical problems that may arise from how AI systems make critical decisions?

The term that best refers to the ethical problems arising from the decision-making processes of AI systems is "AI Dilemmas." This phrase encapsulates the complex issues related to morality, ethics, and fairness that can occur when AI systems are tasked with making significant decisions that impact individuals or society.

AI Dilemmas highlight the potential conflicts that come from algorithmic decision-making, such as bias, transparency, and the challenge of ensuring that machines adhere to ethical standards. Given that AI can influence crucial areas like healthcare, criminal justice, and employment, these dilemmas become even more pronounced as the stakes rise.

Other options, while relevant to the broader topic of AI, do not specifically address the ethical concerns associated with decision-making in AI. For instance, Logic-Based Reasoning and Probability-Based Reasoning pertain more to the methodologies of how decisions are generated and less to the ethical implications of those decisions. Accountability, while important, is more about who is responsible for the outcomes of AI decisions rather than the specific ethical dilemmas that arise from the nature of those decisions themselves. Thus, "AI Dilemmas" specifically identifies the moral concerns entwined with the capabilities of AI technologies.